An investigation of calibration materials for the measurement of metals in ambient particulate matter on filters by LA-ICP-MS

Three different types of simple and low-cost calibration material for the measurement of the metals content of ambient particulate matter (PM) on filters using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have been compared: cellulose ester filters spiked with multi-element calibration solutions, pellets of compressed ambient particulate matter certified reference material (CRM), and powdered ambient particulate matter CRM adhered to a surface. Elements determined were As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn, each at approximate levels of 1000?ng per filter. Blank filters spiked with multi-elemental standards were found to be significantly more reproducible and repeatable than materials based on powdered reference materials. However, a comparison of these spiked filters with real samples of ambient PM showed that the analytical sensitivities obtained per mass of analyte were significantly different. It is concluded that the spiked filters could act as very effective quality control standards correcting, to within 1%, drifts in LA-ICP-MS measurements of up to 10%, or as indirect calibration materials supported by additional measurements using traditional wet chemical techniques.     

混凝土结构内冲击波应力传感器设计及其行为

为测量混凝土结构内的冲击波应力,研制了PVDF压力传感器;介绍了传感器的原理和设计思想,通过传感器的标定试验,得出传感器与混凝土介质匹配性能稳定,通过修正传感器灵敏度或采用将传感器打入包体标定的方法可减小应力测量误差;最后介绍了传感器在混凝土结构内药包爆炸应力波测试中的应用。     

Real-time quantification of Staphylococcusaureus in liquid medium using infrared thermography

We previously showed that infrared thermography (IRT) could be used to quantify viable Escherichiacoli, a representative gram-negative bacterium, in liquid growth media. Here, we evaluated the ability of IRT to enumerate a viable representative gram-positive organism, Staphylococcusaureus. We found that the energy content (EC) of the media was strongly positively correlated (r = 0.999) to measured viable counts of S.aureus ranging from 85 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml to ∼4 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. The EC of S.aureus was ∼2-fold higher than that of E.coli at comparable cell concentrations suggesting that IRT may be used to distinguish genera.     

A microscopic pedestrian-simulation model and its application to intersecting flows

We develop a microscopic pedestrian-simulation model in which pedestrian positions are updated at discrete time steps. At each time step, each pedestrian probabilistically selects a direction of movement from a predetermined set according to a logit-type function that considers the dynamics of other pedestrians around, and then selects a step size that satisfies a certain distribution. We perform a number of field experiments on real intersecting pedestrian flows with four different angles. We then validate and calibrate the model using sample data on the deviation angles, step velocities, and velocity–density relations obtained from the experiments.     

Real-time quantification of viable bacteria in liquid medium using infrared thermography

Quantifying viable bacteria in liquids is important in environmental, food processing, manufacturing, and medical applications. Since vegetative bacteria generate heat as a result of biochemical reactions associated with cellular functions, thermal sensing techniques, including infrared thermography (IRT), have been used to detect viable cells in biologic samples. We developed a novel method that extends the dynamic range and improves the sensitivity of bacterial quantification by IRT. The approach uses IRT video, thermodynamics laws, and heat transfer mechanisms to directly measure, in real-time, the amount of energy lost as heat from the surface of a liquid sample containing bacteria when the specimen cools to a lower temperature over 2 min. We show that the Energy Content (EC) of liquid media containing as few as 120 colony-forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli per ml was significantly higher than that of sterile media (P < 0.0001), and that EC and viable counts were strongly positively correlated (r = 0.986) over a range of 120 to approximately 5 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. Our IRT approach is a unique non-contact method that provides real-time bacterial enumeration over a wide dynamic range without the need for sample concentration, modification, or destruction. The approach could be adapted to quantify other living cells in a liquid milieu and has the potential for automation and high throughput.     

A strategy for multivariate calibration based on modified single-index signal regression: Capturing explicit non-linearity and improving prediction accuracy

In this paper, a modified single-index signal regression (mSISR) method is proposed to construct a nonlinear and practical model with high-accuracy. The mSISR method defines the optimal penalty tuning parameter in P-spline signal regression (PSR) as initial tuning parameter and chooses the number of cycles based on minimizing root mean squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV). mSISR is superior to single-index signal regression (SISR) in terms of accuracy, computation time and convergency. And it can provide the character of the non-linearity between spectra and responses in a more precise manner than SISR. Two spectra data sets from basic research experiments, including plant chlorophyll nondestructive measurement and human blood glucose noninvasive measurement, are employed to illustrate the advantages of mSISR. The results indicate that the mSISR method (i) obtains the smooth and helpful regression coefficient vector, (ii) explicitly exhibits the type and amount of the non-linearity, (iii) can take advantage of nonlinear features of the signals to improve prediction performance and (iv) has distinct adaptability for the complex spectra model by comparing with other calibration methods. It is validated that mSISR is a promising nonlinear modeling strategy for multivariate calibration.     

Improved calibration transfer between near-Infrared (NIR) spectrometers using canonical correlation analysis

The application of mobile near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers in field measurements is growing. Calibration transfer techniques offer simple solutions for enabling models constructed on benchtop instruments for use on mobile spectrometers. Since different types of spectrometers with different components, scanning ranges and resolutions cause great differences in the spectral response, calibration transfer is difficult to apply. In this paper, we focus on calibration transfer among benchtop, portable and handheld spectrometers by a method of calibration transfer based on canonical correlation analysis (CTCCA). Its capability was illustrated by the example of a group of NIR spectra dataset for predicting reducing sugars, total sugar, and nicotine contents in tobacco leaves. The experimental results showed that the transferability of CTCCA was superior to other conventional calibration transfer methods, including piecewise direct standardization, spectral space transformation, calibration transfer based on independent component analysis, and calibration transfer based on the weight matrix. Moreover, the best transfer results were obtained in the three cases by canonical correlation analysis method executing transfer while the spectra were not interpolated, which shows that this approach has the advantage of easy implementation for calibration transfer. Therefore, CTCCA without interpolation calculation offers a new and simple solution for transferring the spectra acquired by mobile spectrometers to the optimized spectral models built on benchtop devices to improve the accuracy of the results. Additionally, the results show that the benchtop spectrometer is more suitable as the master instrument for calibration transfer with more accurate prediction than using a portable device as the master.     

基于光谱响应差异的HJ-1B热红外通道星上定标系数验证

HJ-1B卫星热红外通道自发射以来共进行了7次星上黑体定标,然而针对星上定标系数的验证工作开展较少。通过半高宽法、矩方法和查找表法计算得到2009年9月14日星上定标系数。以具有较高定标精度的MODIS为参考源,基于MODIS第31,32通道和HJ-1B热红外通道的光谱响应特性,改进对应热红外通道的光谱匹配算法,建立两传感器表观辐亮度的匹配关系,进而通过Planck公式计算出HJ-1B热红外通道的等效水表亮温,通过与HJ-1B热红外通道基于星上定标系数得到的反演水表亮温进行比较,实现对星上定标系数的验证。以光谱响应差异计算的等效亮温值为285.97 K,半高宽法、矩方法和查找表法星上定标系数反演亮温值分别为288.77,274.52和285.97 K。结果显示,半高宽法、矩方法和查找表法星上定标系数反演亮温与光谱响应差异计算的等效亮温偏差分别为2.8,-11.46和0.02 K。结果表明,HJ-1B热红外通道星上定标方法中以查找表法星上定标系数计算结果精度较高。同时证明了基于光谱响应差异的HJ-1B热红外通道星上定标系数验证方法有效可行。     

基于DS算法的玉米近红外定性分析光谱校正方法研究

从校正的角度出发,研究了近红外定性分析中模型稳定性问题。以13个玉米品种为研究对象,针对数据采集时间不同带来的模型失效问题,借鉴近红外光谱定量分析中两台仪器间模型传递的思想,将直接模型传递(Direct Standardization)算法用于校正同一仪器不同时间采集的光谱, 使得一次建立的品种鉴别模型,能用于其余时间测试数据的鉴别。首先采用Kennard/Stone算法在主光谱集中选取校正样品集,按照对应的编号从从光谱集中取出对应的数据,然后对校正样品集采用DS算法求取两组数据间的变换关系,再对剩余的从光谱集进行相应的变换得到适用于模型的光谱。实验中对比了校正样本数和模型校正位置对校正结果的影响,分别从品种定性鉴别准确性和校正前后主光谱数据和从光谱数据分布距离两方面分析了实验结果。结果表明,该方法能有效地解决同一仪器随着采样时间推移产生的光谱偏移现象,对采样时间不同的测试集均得到较高的识别率,提高了模型的鲁棒性和适用范围,由实验结果可见,校正位置处于特征提取之后时,校正效果最佳。     

高稳定度可见/短波红外在轨相对定标监测系统关键技术研究

针对高稳定度遥感器在轨相对定标监测系统关键技术进行研究,阐述了工作原理和关键技术。研制了基于可见/短波红外双波段陷阱结构的高稳定度定标探测器组件,通过选择高灵敏度单元可见和短波红外光电探测器,一方面使探测器组件工作在线性更好、暗电流更低的零偏置光伏电路模式,另一方面使探测器组合成为复合型陷阱光机探测模式,并在模拟前放电路和数据采集环节进行了关键参数设计,完成了星载定标辐射源输出辐射的高稳定度相对定标监测系统设计。通过实验室内积分球以及国家计量技术机构提供的标准灯的辐射测试结果表明,系统获取的码值相对标准方差达到0.030%～0.046%(可见通道)和0.040%～0.059%(短波红外通道),实现了相对定标系统的高稳定度监测,为未来遥感器在轨相对定标提供一种优良的解决方案。